Vulcanization and Curing Chemistry – (Approximately 4 Hours)
1. Sulfur Cure Vulcanization
a. Vulcanization Introduction
b. Sulfur
c. Sulfur Donors
d. Accelerator Selection
e. Sulfur and Accelerator Cure Mechanism
f. Accelerator Classes – Cure Rate Vs. Time to Scorch
g. Accelerator Types
i. Amines and Aldehyde Amines
ii. Dithiocarbamates
iii. Dithiophosphates
iv. Guanidines
v. Sulfenamides and Sulfenimides
vi. Thiazoles
vii. Thioureas
viii. Thiurams
ix. Xanthantes
x. Miscellaneous Accelerators
xi. Activators for Sulfur Cure Systems
1. Zinc Oxide
2. Zinc Fatty Acids
3. Fatty Acids
4. Miscellaneous Activators
xii. Pre-Vulcanization Inhibitors
xiii. Retarders
h. Vulcanization Effects on Rubber Properties
i. Crosslink Density
ii. Types of Sulfur Cure Systems
iii. Crosslink Type
iv. Accelerator Effects on Crosslink Type
v. Non-curative Compound Ingredients Effects on Vulcanization
i. Solubility Levels of Accelerators in Various Polymers
j. Vulcanization Tests
k. Regulatory Issues with Curatives
i. ETU and Replacements
ii. Guanidine and Replacements
iii. Nitrosamines and Accelerators
iv. Equal Molar Replacement of Accelerators
v. Non-nitrosamine Cure Systems
2. Non-sulfur Cure Systems
i. Resol Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Cure
ii. Metallic Oxide Cure
iii. P-Quinonedioxime Cure
iv. Peroxide Cure
1. Introduction
2. Peroxides and Co-agents
3. Compounding Ingredients to Avoid with Peroxide Cures
v. Diamine Cure
vi. Bisphenol Cure
